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psychological review
This theory is one of the many theories in developmental psychology. Before going to discuss this theory further, we describe the following biographical of figure in social learning theory.
1. 1. Albert Bandura
Bandura is the main originator of social learning theory. He was professor of Stanford University. Born in Mundare the northern United States 4 December 1925, Bandura was raised and educated as a psychologist in schools behaviorism. But lately she is more inclined towards cognitivism.
In addition to teaching at Stanford University, he also served as president American Psychological Association. During his career as a psychologist, many prestigious awards he has got such as Lifetime Achievement Award Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy (2001), Lifetime Achievement Award for Western Psychological Association (2003), Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to n Psychological Science American Psychological Foundation (2006).
2. Basic Assumption
Social learning theories assume or emphasize the importance of the role of behavior, cognitive and environment as an important part in the development.
3. Explanation
The behavior in this case is more directed to the view or perspective of behaviorism which he followed. Behaviorism Psychologists agree that psychology is an empirical science, not just a mere philosophical contemplation. Therefore, as a condition of science, it must be able to observed directly. So behaviorism view that something can be observed as part of the psychological symptoms are behavior. If we want to emphasize the role of the consciousness or unconsciousness and childhood events, we should use the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmun Freud. Then how does it affect the behavior development of some one? Then we will discuss in the next discussion. Environment in this case will affect the development of person, because every day people will live in an environment where they are located. Someone learns from the environment. That is the message in the social learning theory. Bandura believed that people learn by modeling or observing the behavior of others. He called this learning process by modeling or observational learning. In this modeling process one can add or reduce behaviors that have been shown by others as a model. This is where the important role of someone in the process of cognitive development. To better understand the importance of the cognitive role in the development process sometimes we need to understand the principles of social cognitive learning theory, namely:
a. Attention (attention): This is a stage where a person gives attention to the model or example.
c. Retention: at this stage someone tried to recall the behaviors displayed by the model.
d. Reproduction: after an attention (paying attention) and retention (recall) then the next stage is a reproduction. In this stage person display again the behavior which has been shown by the model.
e. Motivation: it is something which encourage someone to do something which was done by the model. Motivation according to Bandura depends on strengthening-reinforcement. Reinforcements are external reinforcement (external reinforcement is the rewards earned by actors because of carrying out such behavior. These rewards are external rewards, which means that they exist outside of these actors. An example of an external amplifier is: praise, wages).
vicarious reinforcement: vicarious reinforcement effect is as if his own experience when we observe others who are strengthened to carry out certain behaviors. The models are being rewarded more likely to be imitated than on models that are not rewarded.
strengthening the self: self-reinforcement can also specify the manufacture of learned behaviors. Someone able to generate reinforcement-strengthening in its own right to perform certain behaviors.
After understanding the above description, then we will be back on Bandura's theory relating to the importance of cognition and environmental behavior. Please note the following picture:
Bandura is the main originator of social learning theory. He was professor of Stanford University. Born in Mundare the northern United States 4 December 1925, Bandura was raised and educated as a psychologist in schools behaviorism. But lately she is more inclined towards cognitivism.
In addition to teaching at Stanford University, he also served as president American Psychological Association. During his career as a psychologist, many prestigious awards he has got such as Lifetime Achievement Award Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy (2001), Lifetime Achievement Award for Western Psychological Association (2003), Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to n Psychological Science American Psychological Foundation (2006).
2. Basic Assumption
Social learning theories assume or emphasize the importance of the role of behavior, cognitive and environment as an important part in the development.
3. Explanation
The behavior in this case is more directed to the view or perspective of behaviorism which he followed. Behaviorism Psychologists agree that psychology is an empirical science, not just a mere philosophical contemplation. Therefore, as a condition of science, it must be able to observed directly. So behaviorism view that something can be observed as part of the psychological symptoms are behavior. If we want to emphasize the role of the consciousness or unconsciousness and childhood events, we should use the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmun Freud. Then how does it affect the behavior development of some one? Then we will discuss in the next discussion. Environment in this case will affect the development of person, because every day people will live in an environment where they are located. Someone learns from the environment. That is the message in the social learning theory. Bandura believed that people learn by modeling or observing the behavior of others. He called this learning process by modeling or observational learning. In this modeling process one can add or reduce behaviors that have been shown by others as a model. This is where the important role of someone in the process of cognitive development. To better understand the importance of the cognitive role in the development process sometimes we need to understand the principles of social cognitive learning theory, namely:
a. Attention (attention): This is a stage where a person gives attention to the model or example.
c. Retention: at this stage someone tried to recall the behaviors displayed by the model.
d. Reproduction: after an attention (paying attention) and retention (recall) then the next stage is a reproduction. In this stage person display again the behavior which has been shown by the model.
e. Motivation: it is something which encourage someone to do something which was done by the model. Motivation according to Bandura depends on strengthening-reinforcement. Reinforcements are external reinforcement (external reinforcement is the rewards earned by actors because of carrying out such behavior. These rewards are external rewards, which means that they exist outside of these actors. An example of an external amplifier is: praise, wages).
vicarious reinforcement: vicarious reinforcement effect is as if his own experience when we observe others who are strengthened to carry out certain behaviors. The models are being rewarded more likely to be imitated than on models that are not rewarded.
strengthening the self: self-reinforcement can also specify the manufacture of learned behaviors. Someone able to generate reinforcement-strengthening in its own right to perform certain behaviors.
After understanding the above description, then we will be back on Bandura's theory relating to the importance of cognition and environmental behavior. Please note the following picture:
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P (C): is the personal factors and cognitive factors
B: Behavior or behavior
E: Environment or environmental
This chart is a reciprocal theory of behavior proposed by Bandura. This chart shows that the relationship Among behavioral, environmental and cognitive or affect one's personal environment or on the contrary is same. Person's behavior will always affect and are affected by the environment and the knowledge of someone such as in this case as part of personal and cognitive factors, as well as knowledge of one will affect the behavior and his own environment. Through cognition someone is able to influence the environment. This is very different from the Skinner’s view who explained that a person's behavior is controlled by the environment. So according to Skinner’s view, the man is like a robot whose behavior is controlled by the environment. Bandura has been experimenting with making a movie about a female student who hit Bobo doll, beat and hit it with a small hammer, he also sat on it. he chided those dolls aggressively. Then Bandura showed the movie he made earlier to a group of kindergarten kids who loves it. Then they were sent to a room to play. The room has a bobo doll with a new brand, there are also a variety of toys, and slightly smaller hammer. By prediction, the child is reviewed Bobo doll. Then he hit, kicked, and sat up on Bobo doll. He hit the doll with a small hammer, and he also chided the doll with aggressive as well. In other words, he was imitating what he saw in the movie earlier. Bandura found that children are more attractive by using gun toy which has not exemplified by model in the film. His invention is to formulate the basis of social learning theory. The most important point from an experiment conducted by Bandura is that these children change their behavior without any tangible reward and punishment or Visible.
B: Behavior or behavior
E: Environment or environmental
This chart is a reciprocal theory of behavior proposed by Bandura. This chart shows that the relationship Among behavioral, environmental and cognitive or affect one's personal environment or on the contrary is same. Person's behavior will always affect and are affected by the environment and the knowledge of someone such as in this case as part of personal and cognitive factors, as well as knowledge of one will affect the behavior and his own environment. Through cognition someone is able to influence the environment. This is very different from the Skinner’s view who explained that a person's behavior is controlled by the environment. So according to Skinner’s view, the man is like a robot whose behavior is controlled by the environment. Bandura has been experimenting with making a movie about a female student who hit Bobo doll, beat and hit it with a small hammer, he also sat on it. he chided those dolls aggressively. Then Bandura showed the movie he made earlier to a group of kindergarten kids who loves it. Then they were sent to a room to play. The room has a bobo doll with a new brand, there are also a variety of toys, and slightly smaller hammer. By prediction, the child is reviewed Bobo doll. Then he hit, kicked, and sat up on Bobo doll. He hit the doll with a small hammer, and he also chided the doll with aggressive as well. In other words, he was imitating what he saw in the movie earlier. Bandura found that children are more attractive by using gun toy which has not exemplified by model in the film. His invention is to formulate the basis of social learning theory. The most important point from an experiment conducted by Bandura is that these children change their behavior without any tangible reward and punishment or Visible.
