Human Auditory Organ (Hearing)

Auditory organ / human auditory function and have had a very vital role for humans to catch the stimuli around it which is then perceived as sound. Humans can hear the water running, voices, etc.. also through the role of this amazing organ.Physical and psychological dimensions of sound (sound)Sound waves, a periodic pressure of air, water, and other media. When the tree falls, then the tree and the ground will vibrate, adjust the sound waves in air that will go into the ear or ears vibrate. Sound waves are transformed into amplitude and frequency. Amplitude is the intensity of the sound wave itself. Which barred the flash, resulting in a very large amplitude. Noise is the sensation associated with it, but not always identic with the amplitude. example is, people who speak more quickly will sound more noisy, or louder than the music slow, whereas the amplitude of both.

         The frequency of sound or sound is a matter of sound pressure per second in the measure heartz per second (Hz). While the pitch associated with aspects of perception. Pitch is our subjective experience of the existence of sound, high or low, the brain calculated through a specific physical stimulus, in this case the speed or frequency of sound waves. So that means the sound waves of low amplitude low soft sound, while higher mean amplitude of the sound waves and noise. For more details, please see the following picture:

Hearing Processes

            The process of hearingThe hearing process starts from the impulse of stimuli that were captured by the vibrations to our ears. Then the vibration into the ear through the ear and the tympanic membrane and then vibrate the tympanic membrane or eardrum. Vibration of the eardrum causes  Vibration of  three tiny bones hammer, anvil, and stirrup, and stirrup. Then the vibration is stronger impulses in the cochlea so that changing the position of hair cells. In this stage an open ion channels, depolarization, action potential, and release of neurotransmitters. Then excite the auditory nerve cells, and the information reaches the primary auditory cortex in the superior temporal.

Auditory hair cell receptor, is a miniature hair-shaped cells protruding from the underside of the membrane of the cochlea called the basilar membrane. Vibration of fluid in the cochlea pipe, causing the movement of the basilar membrane, which literally turned the hair cells. Bending mechanism of hair cells generate forces which, when sufficiently large electrical impulses activate the movement of nerve cells.

Hearing DisorderDeafDeaf as a whole are rare, 99% still respond in a loud voice. Deaf is divided into 2a. Conductive deafness (Deaf middle ear)Namely interference noise on the conducting outer or middle ear. bone-re in the middle ear failed to conduct proper vibrations in the cochlea.This can be caused by infection, disease, bone growth that is not fair and sometimes only temporary, if continued, treatment with surgery or hearing aids for amplification of the stimulus.b. Nerve deafnessthere is damage to:
            - The cochlea or
            - Hair cells
            - Auditory nervehearing aids can not compensate for the extensive nerve damage, but can help in cases of loss of a number of receptors in the cochlea. Nerve deafness due to several causes, among them: could be due to hereditary or genetic factors, pregnant women who are sick rubella (measles), syphilis, other toxins, the supply of oxygen to the baby's brain is not sufficient at birth, meningitis, certain drugs in childhood children: aspirin repeated exposure to loud sounds such as the residents who live near the airport, every day, heard the loud plane and head traumatic, tumors.

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Human Vision (Visual Organ)

     Visual organs are used to see is the eye. Eye is the most advanced camera in the world. Connected with the eye of the occipital lobe of the brain cortex. The stimulus of the visual organ of vision or we are in the form of light. Here is the anatomy of the human eye

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            Light entering our visual system through a structure that is very complex and vulnerable. Note the msg above carefully. Cornea protect and deflect the incoming light into the lens, located behind it. If we think on the camera lenses, camera lenses work by focusing the incoming light by moving toward or away from the camera hole. The lens works by slightly altering its shape, becoming more concave or more convex to focus the light from objects near or far. The amount of light entering the eye is governed by the muscles of the iris, the part that gives the eye color. Iris surrounds a circular or slit pupils. When we're in a dark room the pupil becomes enlarged to the width or more possible  light entry. When we are on bright, sunlight for example, then the pupil will shrink or contract to limit the amount of incoming light. Visual receptors located on the back of the eye or retina (also contains specialized cells that communicate information to know the light and dark in parts of the brain to regulate biological rhythms). In the developing embryo, the retina develops from tissue removed from the brain, rather than the network that should form part of the other eye. That is to say the retina is an extension of the brain. When the eye's lens focuses light on the retina, the result is an inverted image. The light from the upper area of ​​the visual receptor cells stimulates light-sensitive retina at the bottom, and vice versa. If stimulation of the brain then interpret this upside-down as something that is not contrary. See the image below:

           Approximately 120 to 125 million receptors in the retina-shaped long, flat-called stem cells (rod). While there are 7 to 8 million funnel-shaped receptors called cone cells (cones). The most widely available receptors are also called retinal fovea. While the blind spot or blind spot is a place out of these receptors. Stem cells, more sensitive to light than cone cells. Stem cells allows us to see in the dark and at night. (Bats are able to see at night because it has very many stem cells). Stem cells to meet the outer retina, also handles peripheral vision. However, stem cells can not distinguish the various wavelengths of light so that the stem cells are not sensitive to color. While the cone cells are very sensitive and able to distinguish different wavelengths as compared with stem cells, more light to work compared with stem cells, so the cone cells need more light to work compared with stem cells.

Visual Perception Disorders
    Disorders of visual perception can occur because of brain damage in oksipitalis lobe, particularly the vision area association of such defects include: Aperseptif visual agnosia, with symptoms: - · Achromatopsia, it is  inability to distinguish colors, so to see the world as if the color gray. - · Prosopagnosia, it is : inability to recognize faces although sharp vision is normal. (Damage in the fusiform gyrus) Associative visual agnosia is the inability to recognize object although its sharp vision is normal. Thus the importance of understanding the anatomy eye for students or professionals and their study eye disorders.

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Click on the title of articles below :

These article are about Biological Psychology

1. The Composition of Human Nervous System
2. Human Vision  (Visual Organ) 
3.Thinking Explanation in Psychology
4. Human Auditory Organ (Hearing)

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Find the relation between human’s anatomy and human’s behavior!

Biological psychology is one perspective in psychological study. Most psychology student take bio psychology course. To understand human is not only view as social creature but also as biological creature. This book is very suitable for psychology student. Many biological aspects of human that was established in this book. By explaining some researches on animal, this book makes us easy to study human anatomy and its function. Not really detail like in medical studies, but at least this book give a simple explanation a relation between the biological function of human anatomy and human’s behavior. Human activity is always effected by biological processes. Kallat. Who wrote this book also paid attention in biological disorders that effect behavior such as mood disorder. Certainly, this book must be read by psychology student and lecture.  

Title                 : Biological psychology tenth edition

Writer              : JW. Kallat

Publisher         : Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

Year                : 2009

download link  :

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The composition of the human nervous system

            The nervous system has the functions and roles are very important for living things. Nervous system collect and process information, react to various stimuli and also arranged a variety of cells. Relation to the disciplines of psychology of the nervous system is also a driver of behavior. For example stimulus received a bad news and then he became upset and sad feelings are manifested in crying, it is a small example of how the nervous system plays a very important role in human behavior. The nervous system was essentially divided into two namely: 1) The central nervous system and 2) Peripheral nervous system. A. Central nervous system
           Central nervous system has the function of receiving, processing and interpreting or interpreting and storing sensory information coming from sensory nerves like the taste, sound, smell, color and pressure on the skin, internal organs and glands others. Central nervous system also functions to send messages to muscles, glands and internal organs. Central nervous system has two components, namely the brain and spinal marrow (spinal cord)

 

1) Brain The brain regulates all human activities. The brain is located in the skull cavity and covered by three layers of meninges membrane that is strong. Outermost membrane called the dura mater, the innermost and the middle is piamater called arachnoid. Among the three membranes that are fluid called cerebrospinal function is to reduce the impact or shock. The human brain is divided into three parts, namely a large brain (cerebrum), cerebellum (cerebellum) and advanced marrow.
a) big brain (cerebrum) Cerebrum has a surface that folds and is divided into two parts. The left hemisphere to serve the body right and the right hemisphere to serve the body left. The cerebrum consists of two layers. Gray outer layer called the cortex, containing the bodies of nerve cells. The inner layer contains white nerve fibers (neurit / axons). Big brain serves as a center of conscious activities such as thinking, remembering, talking, seeing, hearing, and moving.
b) Little Brain (Cerebellum) The cerebellum is located under the rear of the cerebrum. Small brain structures such as large brain. Consisting of the right and left hemispheres. Right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum are connected by bridges Varol. Divided into two layers as outer layers of the cerebrum that is gray and white inner layer. The cerebellum serves to regulate the body's balance and coordinate the muscles work when we move. c) advanced Marrow Advanced marrow (medulla oblongata) is divided into two layers, namely layers in the gray because it contains a lot of weight nerve cells and the outer layer is white because it contains neurit (axons). Advanced marrow serves as the central control of breathing, blood vessels constrict, regulate heartbeat, regulate body temperature and other activities that are not realized.
2). Spinal cord (spinal cord)
Is an extension of the brain. Bemula spinal cord from the base of the brain, then ran along the middle of the back and protected by the backbone. Spinal nerves have a role as a bridge that connects the brain to other parts of the body that lies below the neck. Spinal cord is capable of producing reflex movements automatically without any help from the brain and without involving conscious effort. For example, when a person touches the iron unwitting intentionally he will pull his hand from the iron. Before the brain processes the events that have occurred. Nerve impulses carrying messages to the spinal cord and spinal send commands in the form of impulses to the muscles pull the hand away from the iron hand. 

B. Peripheral nervous system             Peripheral nervous system or peripheral nervous system plays with messages and information coming out of the central nervous system. Peripheral nervous system is divided into two namely: 1) somatic nervous system and 2) the autonomic nervous system. Somatic nervous system (skeletal nervous system) consists of the nerves associated with sensory receptors that make a person able to feel the world. Skeletal muscles also allows one to perform deliberate actions such as turning on the lights, feel the insect was walking on his body, somatic system is active. Autonomic nervous system function as a regulator of blood vessels, glands and internal organs such as bladder, stomach and heart. When someone is angry then his ears flushed or emotion until the heartbeat is increased, then that's where the autonomic nervous system is on. Autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts, namely the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, where each of the nervous system is working in the opposite order to the body can adapt to the environment. For example, the sympathetic nervous system makes a person's face became red, issued a drought and the energy issue, improve heart  rate and blood pressure, sympathetic nervous system works when a person is in a situation that demands for a fight, escape and overcome the condition. The workings of the parasympathetic nervous system does not actually stop the process in the body but tend decrease and keep everything running smoothly. For example, the parasympathetic nervous system causes the body to conserve and save energy, and when someone is fleeing from the pursuit of making the nervous system increases heart rate is slow again aan heart rate and keep the heart rhythm in order to stay regular.

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Neurotrasnmitter

            The comunication between neurons are related by neurotransmitter, it is a molecule transmit a massage from one neuron to other neuron. you can download a point of neurotransmitter here

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