Hypnosis

Hypnosis has been one of the most popular invention in mental therapies.  Not only in mental therapies, hypnosis also has many functions. Hypnosis has been practices since ancient times. The term of hypnosis came from the Greek word Hypno for sleep. American psychological Association defined hypnosis as  procedure in which a researcher, clinician or hypnotist suggest that a person will experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior.

There are degrees of hypnosis. Under light hypnosis, the subject will become sleepy and follow simple directions. Under deep hypnosis the person experiences dulling of sensory perception, similar to that of anesthesia. During under deep hypnosis, the subject can even undergo medical procedures with no additional anesthetic. It is used to make a subject behave in unusual ways such as to suspend the subject’s body between two chairs in a posture that is completely.

Hypnosis can’t be practiced in everyone. In order word not everyone can be hypnotized. About 20 % of adults have a low susceptibility to hypnosis. It means that they can’t be hypnotized easily. About 65-70% adults have medium susceptibility and the remaining 10-15% have high susceptibility to be hypnotized.  One of important point is that hypnotic susceptibility is not related to introversion, extraversion, social position, intelligence, willpower, sex, compliance, gullibility, being highly motivated. Susceptibility is correlated to remarkable to respond to imaginative suggestions. Individual who has this trait are highly susceptible to be hypnotized.

How is someone hypnotized?

            The procedure that is most used in hypnotic is hypnotic induction. Although every clinician, magician, illusionist etc. do hypnosis different one another, but this procedure must  always be. Hypnotic induction refers to inducing hypnosis by first asking a person to either stare at an object or close his or her eyes and then suggesting that the person is becoming very relaxed. Above is the recent following hypnotic induction

1.      Hypnotist creates a sense of trust so that the individual feels comfortable.

2.      Hypnotist suggest that the subject concentrate on something, such as the sound of the hypnotist’s voice an object or an image.

3.      Hypnotist suggest what the subject will experience during hypnosis for example becoming relaxed, feeling sleepy.

Remember that during the hypnotic, subjects are not asleep, keep their ability to control their behaviors. The biggest debatable questions  about hypnotic are  what actually happens when a person is hypnotized and whether hypnotic induction is even needed.

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Introduction and History of Psychology

Actually, it is too late for  posting this article, because this site has talked many fields in psychology, but it is ok! No problem reviewing again the basic and the first subject matter in psychology.

Generally psychology was defined  as the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes. Psychology has grown since ancient Greeks, it has been defined in numerous ways. As early as 400 B.C., the ancient Greeks philosophized about the relationship of personality characteristics to physiological traits.

Psychology has been independent science since it has a special method by the proof of  psychological laboratory was opened in Leipzig, Germany, by Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), and soon afterwards the first experimental studies of memory were published. Wundt was instrumental in establishing psychology as the study of conscious experience, which he viewed as made up of elemental sensations. In addition to the type of psychology practiced by Wundt—which became known as structuralism. Other early schools of psychology were functionalism, which impacted  to the development of  behaviorism, and Gestalt psychology.

Other figure who had a important role in enhancing psychology and enriched was Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis early in the twentieth century, emphasis shifted from conscious

experience to unconscious processes investigated by means of free association and other techniques. According to Freud, behavior and mental processes were the result of mostly unconscious struggles within each person between the drive to satisfy basic instincts, such as sex or aggression, and the limits imposed by society. He also explained the structure of personality that were Id, Ego, Superego.  At the same time that Freud’s views were gaining popularity in Europe, an American psychology professor, John B. Watson, was pioneering the behavioral approach, which focuses on observing and measuring external behaviors rather than the internal workings of the mind. B.F. Skinner, who spent decades studying the effects of reward and punishment on behavior, helped maintain the predominance of behaviorism in the United States through the 1950s and 1960s. Since the 1970s, many psychologists have been influenced by the cognitive approach, which  is concerned with the relationship of mental processes to behavior.

 Cognitive psychology focuses on how people take in, perceive, and store information, and how they process and act on that information. Additional psychological perspectives include the

neurobiological approach, focusing on relating behavior to internal processes within the brain and nervous system, and the phenomenological approach, which is most concerned with the individual’s subjective experience of  the world rather than the application of psychological

theory to behavior. While all these approaches differ in their explanations of individual behavior, each contributes an important perspective to the psychological image of the total human being.

There are many aspects are discussed in psychology. The subfields are often overlapping areas of interest rather than isolated domains. Basic psychology encompasses the subfields concerned with the advancement of psychological theory and research. Experimental psychology employs

laboratory experiments to study basic behavioral processes shared by different species, including sensation, perception, learning, memory, communication, and motivation.

Physiological psychology is concerned with the ways in which biology shapes behavior and mental processes, and developmental psychology is concerned with behavioral development over the entire life span. Other subfields include social psychology, quantitative psychology, and the psychology of personality. Applied psychology is the area of psychology concerned

with applying psychological research and theory  to problems posed by everyday life. It includes clinical psychology, the largest single field in psychology. Clinical psychologists—accounting for 40 percent of all psychologists— are involved in psychotherapy and psychological testing. Like clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists apply psychological principles to diagnose

and treat individual emotional and behavioral problems. Other subfields of applied psychology include school psychology, which involves the evaluation and placement of students; educational psychology, which investigates the psychological aspects of the learning process;

and industrial psychology and organizational psychology, which study the relationship between people and their jobs. Community psychologists investigate environmental factors that contribute to mental and emotional disorders;  health psychologists deal with the psychological aspects

of physical illness, investigating the connections between the mind and a person’s physical condition; and consumer psychologist study the preferences and buying habits of consumers as well as their reactions to certain advertising.

            Many psychological book proof that psychology is more develop now than before. Thus Book also explained psychology with many approaches.
           And now, Moslem scholar has a strong intention to develop Islamic psychology. It is a new approach in psychology. Although in still development, toward Islamic psychology seems to get many attention for Moslem scholar by integrating a modern psychology with Qur’an and Hadith.

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Memory or Remembering

            I told you my story when I was queuing to make cash withdrawals at Automatic Teller Machine. After a few minutes waiting in line, The last people in the ATM transaction has completed his transaction. But I was dealing with a person in a few seconds. Once I get an ATM card from ATM turns out the person is still inside the ATM machine. Finally I tried to chase that person to return the valuables to him. Unfortunately, I could no longer remember how the characteristics of the person in detail. When met after he came out of the ATM before, I only remember that the person is wearing a Black Jacket. I experienced this event closely associated with memory.
            Memory or memory is a function of the brain that involve cognition in information retrieval. In the psychology of memory widely studied through the field of psychology physiology. The process of remembering, namely: 1) obtain information 2) store the information 3) recall information. Generally memory is divided into two: Short-term memory (short-term memory) or Long Term Memory (long-term memory). Short-term memory working only a few minutes. While short-term memory is a storehouse of information that can be called back after hours or even a lifetime. To achieve long-term memory information that has been stored in the Sort Term Memory must undergo certain processes rather than by itself. The things that affect them is repetition, which means how often the information is repeated for the remember or recalled. Besides, how meaningful information also affects his memory, it is also called a meaning full moment . Recall Recall includes absorbing information that has been studied previously without or with little assistance of external cues. For example when someone is working on an essay about it do not have choices that can be useful to recall the answer. Recognition Recognition include identifying information that has been previously studied with the help of cues from the outside. For example when someone is there to answer questions multiple choice someone gets help to recall the things he had learned through the answer choices that are available.

Memory Organization

One of the questions is proving of great human memory is how our memory can store hundreds of faces, names dozens of other movie player and so on. This process can be explained through a theory called network theory. This theory explains that  we keep these ideas in a separate or distinct categories called nodes (vertices). Besides, we make associations between information that has been studied we also make a link or relationship between nodes such that adorn thousands of connections between files which exceptional in storing and absorbing information.

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Click on the title of articles below :

These are the list of articles
1. Introduction and History of Psychology
2. Memory or Remembering 

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